A home inspection is a critical step in the home-buying process that provides buyers with a detailed assessment of a property’s condition before finalizing the purchase. It involves a thorough evaluation of major components such as the foundation, roof, plumbing, electrical systems, heating and cooling, insulation, and the overall structural integrity of the home. This inspection will help you to uncover potential issues that might not be visible during a casual walkthrough, such as hidden water damage, faulty wiring, or foundation problems. By understanding what to look for in a home inspection, you as the buyer can make informed decisions, negotiate repairs or price adjustments, and avoid costly surprises after you have moved into the house.
While home inspectors provide a general overview, specialized inspections may be needed for pests, mold, radon, or asbestos. Being present during the inspection and asking questions can further empower you to fully grasp the home’s condition and confidently proceed with their investment. In this informative write-up, we will show you some of the very important things you should look out for when the home inspection is ongoing so that you won’t end up paying too high for the property.
Check the structural components
You should check the structural components during a home inspection to enable you avoid costly repairs later. The foundation is the base of the house, so look carefully for any cracks or signs of sinking. In many Nigerian homes, especially in areas like Lagos or Abuja where soil conditions vary, tiny cracks can mean the foundation is settling unevenly, which could lead to bigger problems over time.
Next, inspect the framing and roof structure. The wooden or metal frames should be strong and free from rot or termite damage. The roof should be sturdy without sagging or missing parts, as Nigeria’s heavy rains can cause leaks or structural damage if the roof is weak.
In addition, you should check the walls, ceilings, and floors for cracks, damp spots, or uneven surfaces, which might indicate water damage or structural shifts. In some Nigerian homes, poor drainage or flooding can cause such issues. If the house has a basement or crawl space, inspect these areas for moisture, mold, or signs of pests. Many Nigerian homes do not have basements, but crawl spaces should be dry and accessible.
Finally, if the home has chimneys or flues, ensure they are intact and free from blockages or cracks to avoid fire hazards or smoke problems. A thorough look at these structural components helps ensure the home is safe, stable, and worth the investment.
Take the exterior inspection seriously
The outside of the house will show you how well the property has been cared for and can reveal problems that may cost you later. You can start the inspection by checking the siding, trim, and paint. You should also look for peeling paint, cracks, or damaged areas. These signs can mean water is getting inside or the house needs maintenance.
Next, you need to inspect the roof shingles, flashing, and gutters. Missing or broken shingles can cause leaks, while damaged flashing (the metal strips around roof joints) can let water in. Make sure gutters and downspouts are clear and direct water away from the house to avoid flooding or foundation damage in the future.
It is important to look at the drainage, grading, and soil around the house during the inspection. The ground should slope away from the building to prevent water pooling near the foundation, which can cause cracks or dampness. In addition, check walkways, driveways, patios, and steps for cracks or uneven surfaces that could be dangerous or signal settling problems.
Do not also forget to examine decks, porches, balconies, and railings in the house for stability and signs of rot or rust, especially because of the intense wet seasons in the country. You should equally inspect all windows and door frames to ensure they close properly and have no cracks or gaps that can let in rain or pests.
Finally, don’t forget detached structures like garages, sheds, or fences while inspecting the house. These should be solid and secure, as they affect the overall value and safety of the property. A thorough exterior inspection will help you to avoid costly repairs and ensure the home is safe and comfortable for Nigerian weather conditions.
Inspect the roofing system
The roof protects the entire house from sun, rain, and wind, so its condition will affect the safety and comfort of the home. Check below for important points to look for in the roofing system during the house inspection:
Roof material and condition
In Nigeria, common roofing materials include aluminum sheets, stone-coated steel sheets, zinc-coated (galvanized iron) sheets, and fiber-cement sheets. Aluminum sheets are popular because they are light, rust-resistant, and affordable. Stone-coated sheets are stronger and look better but cost more. During inspection, you should check if the roofing sheets are intact without rust, holes, or dents. Also, you should look for loose or missing sheets that can cause leaks or damage during heavy rain.
Roof penetrations (skylights, chimneys)
If the house has skylights or chimneys, it is advisable to inspect these carefully. Poorly sealed skylights or chimney bases can allow water to enter, causing leaks and damage inside the house. Make sure the seals around these penetrations are tight and show no signs of cracking or water stains.
Flashing and drainage systems
Flashing is the metal or waterproof material placed where the roof meets walls, chimneys, or vents. It prevents water from seeping into joints. Check if the flashing is properly installed, not rusty or loose. Also, inspect gutters and downspouts to ensure they are not clogged or broken, which will allow water to drain away from the roof and foundation properly.
Signs of storm damage or missing shingles
Nigeria’s rainy season can be harsh, so you should look for signs of storm damage such as missing or broken roofing sheets, dents from hail, or water stains on the ceiling inside the house. Missing shingles or sheets can expose the roof to leaks and further damage. Also, check for sagging areas which may mean the roof structure is weak or damaged.
Inspect the plumbing system
A good plumbing system will ensure that the home has easy access to clean water supply and proper waste removal, which are essential for daily living. Check below for very important things to look for during your home inspection:
Pipes, faucets, and fixtures
You should not forget to inspect all visible pipes for signs of rust, cracks, or leaks. In Nigeria, many homes use PVC or metal pipes, and these can wear out or get damaged over time. Check under sinks and around toilets for moisture or water stains. Test faucets and taps to ensure they turn smoothly and don’t drip when off. Dripping taps waste water and can cause bigger problems if ignored.
Water pressure and flow
Do not forget to turn on taps and showers to check if water flows strongly and steadily. Low water pressure might mean clogged pipes or problems with the water source. In Nigeria, inconsistent water pressure is common, so make sure it is enough for your needs.
Water heater condition and temperature
If the home has a water heater (geyser), check for rust, leaks, or strange noises. Ask about its age and test if it heats water properly. The ideal temperature should be around 50-60°C to avoid burns but still kill bacteria. Bear in mind that a faulty heater can increase electricity bills or cause safety risks.
Drainage, sewage ejectors, and sump pumps
It is essential to check that drains in sinks, toilets, and showers clear water quickly without gurgling sounds or bad smells. Poor drainage can cause water to back up, leading to damage or health hazards. If the home has a sump pump or sewage ejector (common in flood-prone areas), you should test that it works well to prevent flooding or sewage problems.
Signs of leaks, water damage, or freeze vulnerability
You should look for water stains on ceilings, walls, or floors, which show that the house has suffered past or current leaks. In Nigeria’s climate, freezing pipes are rare but leaks can cause mold and structural damage if left unchecked. Also, check for damp patches around the house, especially near plumbing fixtures.
Check the electrical system
Electrical problems in a home can cause fires, shocks, or expensive repairs. The tips below will show you very important things to check in the electrical system during home inspection:
Service panel, main disconnect, and sub-panels
The service panel (also called the main electric panel) is where electricity enters the home. During inspection, ensure the panel is accessible, securely mounted, and free from rust or water damage. You should also check that the main disconnect switch works properly to shut off power in emergencies. If the house has sub-panels (secondary panels in larger homes), these should also be secure and correctly connected to the main panel.
Wiring condition and safety (no exposed splices)
You should inspect all wiring for damage or wear. Wires should be fully insulated with no exposed splices or loose ends, as these can cause electrical shocks or fires. In Nigerian homes, poor wiring is common, so look for frayed cables or wires hanging out of walls or ceilings. Proper wiring installation includes secure cable protection and neat routing to avoid accidental damage.
Outlets, switches, and light fixtures
Test all outlets and switches to confirm they work and are properly grounded. Grounding protects users from electric shocks, especially in wet areas like kitchens and bathrooms. You should also replace any broken or loose outlet covers and ensure switches operate smoothly without sparks or unusual sounds. Light fixtures should be firmly fixed, with bulbs matching the recommended wattage to prevent overheating.
Circuit breakers and overcurrent protection
Circuit breakers prevent electrical overloads that can cause fires. You should check if the breakers are the correct size for their circuits and that they trip properly when overloaded. Nigerian homes sometimes have outdated or faulty breakers, so testing their function is vital. Surge protectors on breakers help protect appliances from power surges, which are common due to unstable electricity supply in Nigeria.
Grounding and entrance conductors
Grounding is essential for safety and it is important to verify that the electrical system is grounded to a proper earth rod or water pipe with low resistance (ideally 0-5 ohms). You should also check if the grounding conductors are intact, corrosion-free, and securely connected to the main panel and sub-panels. Proper grounding helps protect the home and occupants from electric shocks and equipment damage.
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) in Nigerian homes
Nigeria’s climate is mostly hot, so air conditioning is a key feature in many homes. Properly working HVAC systems ensure comfort, good air quality, and energy efficiency. However, very few homes have HVAC systems in the country. Check below for some points to check during a HVAC inspection.
Heating and cooling unit age and operation
In Nigeria, many homes rely on air conditioners more than heating systems because of the warm climate. However, some homes may have heaters or heat pumps for cooler nights or specific rooms. You should ask about the age of the HVAC units because older units tend to break down more often and use more electricity. During inspection, turn on the air conditioner or heater to see if it runs smoothly without strange noises or frequent on/off cycling. A system that struggles to start or cool/heat properly may need costly repairs or replacement soon.
Air filters and ductwork condition
Air filters clean the air that circulates through the HVAC system. In Nigeria, dust and pollution levels can be high, so filters get dirty quickly. Check if the filters are clean or recently replaced. Dirty filters reduce airflow and strain the system, increasing electricity bills and reducing comfort. Also, inspect the ductwork, which are the metal or plastic tubes that carry air throughout the house. Look for visible leaks, holes, or disconnected ducts, which cause loss of cooled or heated air and reduce system efficiency. Bear in mind that properly sealed ducts can save energy and improve indoor air quality.
Thermostats and vents
The thermostat controls the temperature inside the home. Make sure the thermostat is working correctly by adjusting the temperature settings and checking if the HVAC responds accordingly. Some modern thermostats are programmable or smart, which helps save energy. Also, inspect all vents in rooms to ensure they are open, clean, and not blocked by furniture or debris. Closed or blocked vents reduce airflow and cause uneven cooling or heating, making some rooms uncomfortable.
Signs of gas odor or defective heating elements
Although heating is less common in Nigerian homes, some may use gas-powered heaters or boilers. During inspection, smell around the HVAC units and nearby areas for any gas odor, which can indicate leaks and pose serious safety risks. If you detect a gas smell, do not proceed without a professional gas safety inspection. Also, check heating elements (if any) for signs of damage or malfunction, such as uneven heating or electrical faults. Faulty heating elements can be dangerous and costly to fix.
Interior inspection
A careful interior inspection is very important to avoid costly surprises later. Inside the house, you should look closely at several key areas to understand the condition of the property before making your purchase. We will show you some of the key areas below:
Doors and windows operation and seals
Check if all doors and windows open and close smoothly without sticking. Make sure the locks work properly and the seals around the frames are tight to prevent dust, rain, and insects from entering. In Nigeria’s humid climate, poor seals can lead to moisture problems inside the house.
Floors, walls, and ceilings for cracks or stains
Look carefully for cracks on floors, walls, and ceilings. Small cracks might be normal, but large or spreading cracks could signal structural problems. Also, check for stains or discoloration, which often show water leaks or dampness. In Nigerian homes, water stains on ceilings usually mean a leaking roof or plumbing issues.
Cabinets, countertops, and built-in appliances
Open all cabinets and drawers to see if they are sturdy and functional. Check countertops for cracks or damage. Test built-in appliances like cookers or water heaters to ensure they work well. Damaged kitchen fittings can be expensive to fix or replace.
Stairways and railings safety
If the home has stairs, inspect the steps for evenness and firmness. Railings should be strong and securely fixed to prevent accidents, especially if children or elderly people will live there. Unsafe stairways are a common hazard in Nigerian houses.
Signs of water penetration or mold
Water penetration is a big problem in many Nigerian homes because of heavy rains and poor drainage. Look for damp patches, peeling paint, or mold spots on walls and ceilings. Mold not only damages the house but can cause health issues. If you see any signs, ask about the source and whether repairs have been done.
Insulation and ventilation
Nigeria’s hot tropical climate means homes can get very warm during the day, especially with common building materials like concrete blocks and zinc or aluminum roofing sheets that absorb and transfer heat inside. Proper insulation and ventilation help keep the house cooler, reduce energy costs, and improve comfort.
Attic insulation and ventilation
In Nigerian homes, the attic or roof space often gets very hot because of the sun’s strong radiation. Many roofs are made of zinc or aluminum sheets, which conduct heat easily. Good attic insulation using materials like polystyrene or glass wool can reduce heat transfer into the living areas. The Nigerian National Building Energy Efficiency Code recommends insulation with an R-value of at least 2.5 m²K/W for roofs to effectively reduce indoor heat. Also, proper ventilation in the attic is needed to allow hot air to escape. This is usually done using soffit vents (under the eaves) and louvers (vented openings on the roof or walls) to ensure air flows freely and prevents heat buildup.
Vapor barriers and air barriers
Vapor barriers are materials installed to stop moisture from passing through walls and ceilings. In Nigeria’s humid southern regions, moisture can cause mold and damage if it gets trapped inside walls. Air barriers prevent unwanted air leaks that bring hot or humid air into the home. During inspection, check if vapor and air barriers are properly installed, especially in walls and ceilings, to protect the home from moisture problems and improve energy efficiency.
Crawl space and basement ventilation
While many Nigerian homes do not have basements, some may have crawl spaces beneath the floor. These spaces need good ventilation to prevent moisture buildup, which can cause wood rot, mold, and bad odors. Proper vents or openings should be present to allow air circulation. If the crawl space is damp or poorly ventilated, it can affect the whole house’s air quality and structure.
Safety features to look for
Safety features protect you and your family from accidents, fires, and other dangers. Check below for three key safety areas you should pay attention to:
Smoke and carbon monoxide detectors
Smoke detectors are essential in every Nigerian home because they alert you early if there is a fire. Fires can spread quickly, especially in homes with wooden materials or poor wiring, which are common in some Nigerian buildings. During an inspection, check if smoke detectors are installed in key areas such as bedrooms, hallways, and near the kitchen. Make sure they are working by testing the alarm.
Carbon monoxide detectors are less common but equally important. Carbon monoxide is a dangerous gas that can come from faulty generators or gas appliances, which many Nigerian homes use due to power outages. A working carbon monoxide detector can save lives by warning you of this invisible threat. If the home doesn’t have one, consider installing it after purchase.
Stairway treads and risers stability
Stairs are often overlooked but can be a major safety hazard if not properly built or maintained. In Nigeria, some homes have stairs made from concrete, wood, or metal, and it’s important to check that each step (tread) is even and stable. Uneven or broken stairs increase the risk of falls, which can cause serious injuries.
During the inspection, walk up and down the stairs to feel if they are steady. Look for cracks, loose tiles, or missing parts. Also, check the risers (the vertical part between each step) to ensure they are not damaged or uneven. Proper handrails should be firmly fixed on both sides of the stairway to provide support, especially for children and elderly family members.
Electrical safety devices
Electrical problems are a leading cause of house fires in Nigeria, often due to poor wiring or overloaded circuits. During your home inspection, carefully check the electrical system’s safety features. Look at the main electrical panel to ensure it is organized and labeled. Confirm that circuit breakers or fuses are installed and functioning correctly to prevent electrical overloads.
Inspect all outlets and switches for signs of damage, such as cracks, burn marks, or loose fittings. Exposed wires or old wiring systems are dangerous and need urgent attention. Ask if the home has residual current devices (RCDs) or earth leakage circuit breakers (ELCBs), which can cut off electricity quickly if there is a fault, reducing the risk of electric shock or fire.
Also, check if the home has proper grounding and that electrical appliances are safely connected. Avoid homes with illegal wiring or “spaghetti wiring,” which is common in some Nigerian neighborhoods and poses serious hazards.
Additional systems and features
These parts of the house, though sometimes overlooked, can affect your comfort, safety, and future expenses. Some of these additional systems and features are discussed below:
Kitchen and bathroom fixtures and exhaust fans
Check all taps, sinks, showers, and toilets to make sure they work well without leaks or blockages. In Nigeria, water supply can be irregular, so it’s important these fixtures are in good shape to avoid wastage. Also, look for exhaust fans in kitchens and bathrooms. They help remove bad smells and moisture, reducing mold growth and keeping the air fresh.
Laundry room and dryer venting
If the house has a laundry area, inspect the plumbing and electrical connections. Dryer venting is crucial to safely remove hot air and moisture. Poor venting can cause dampness or even fire hazards, so ensure vents are properly installed and clear.
Pool and spa equipment (if applicable)
For homes with pools or spas, check pumps, filters, and heaters. These systems require regular maintenance, and broken equipment can be costly to repair. You should confirm if everything is running smoothly and safely before buying the property.
Pest inspection for termites, rodents, and other pests
Pests like termites and rodents are common in Nigeria and can cause serious damage to wooden structures and wiring. You should look for signs such as holes, droppings, or damaged wood. A professional pest inspection is advisable to avoid future infestations.
Septic tank and well inspection (if applicable)
In areas without reliable public sewage or water, many homes use septic tanks and wells. Inspect septic tanks for leaks or blockages that can cause bad odors or health risks. Wells should be tested for clean water and proper sealing to prevent contamination.
Radon testing
Radon gas is less commonly tested in Nigeria but can be a concern in some areas. It’s a colorless, odorless gas that can cause health problems. If you are buying in areas known for radon, you should consider testing to ensure safety.
Common home inspection problems to watch for
Many Nigerian homes, whether new or old, often hide common problems that can affect safety, comfort, and long-term value. Knowing what to watch for during an inspection can help you make a smart purchase and some of these things will be discussed below:
Faulty wiring and electrical hazards
They are very common in Nigerian homes. Many houses have wiring that does not meet safety standards, with exposed cables, poor connections, or lack of proper grounding. This can cause electrical shocks or even fire outbreaks, which are frequent in Nigeria due to power fluctuations and generator use. Always ensure the electrical system is checked carefully.
Poor grading and drainage
Poor drainage around the house can cause serious moisture problems. If the ground slopes toward the building or gutters are clogged, rainwater can collect near the foundation, leading to damp walls and possible structural damage. In Nigeria’s rainy season, this is a major risk.
Faulty or clogged gutters
This can worsen water drainage problems. Blocked gutters cause water overflow that damages walls and foundations. Regular gutter inspection is crucial to prevent leaks and erosion.
Basement dampness and mold
This may not be common in all Nigerian homes since basements are rare, but in houses with lower ground levels or poorly ventilated areas, moisture can build up. This can create mold, which damages walls and harms health.
Roof damage or missing shingles
This is a frequent problem, especially after heavy rains or storms. Damaged roofs lead to leaks, causing ceiling stains and wood rot. Roof inspections should look for cracked tiles, loose sheets, or missing parts.
Foundation flaws including cracks and sloping floors
These are serious issues and many homes suffer from cracks due to poor construction or unstable soil. These cracks can widen over time, threatening the building’s stability. Uneven or sloping floors also indicate foundation problems.
Plumbing issues such as slow drains or leaks
They are common in Nigerian homes. Leaky pipes waste water and cause damp patches, while slow drainage can lead to blocked sinks and toilets. In some areas, borehole water supply may be unreliable, so water pressure and pipe conditions must be checked.
Poor ventilation causing excess heat or condensation
Many Nigerian homes lack proper airflow, making rooms hot and humid, especially during the dry season. Condensation can cause mold growth and damage paint or plaster.
Defective heating or cooling systems
Many Nigerian homes have defective or poorly maintained cooling systems that can cause big problems. Common defects include dirty or clogged filters that reduce airflow and make the system work harder, increasing electricity bills. Refrigerant leaks are also common, where the cooling gas escapes, making the AC less effective and harmful to the environment. Electrical problems such as faulty wiring or poor connections can cause the system to fail or even start fires. Sometimes, thermostats do not work correctly, causing inconsistent temperatures inside the house. Also, poor ductwork installation can lead to air loss and uneven cooling in different rooms.
The AC units may also not be properly serviced or have gas leaks because of poor maintenance culture and lack of regulation enforcement. This means you should ask for proof of regular servicing and check the system carefully during inspection. A malfunctioning cooling system can be expensive to repair or replace, so it is important to identify these problems early.
General poor upkeep
Poor maintenance of a home is a red flag that can indicate bigger hidden problems. Some visible signs of poor upkeep include peeling paint, worn carpets, and cracked driveways.
- Peeling paint: This can be a sign of moisture problems or poor surface preparation. In Nigeria’s humid climate, peeling paint often means water is getting into walls, which can cause mold and structural damage over time.
- Worn carpets: Carpets that are old, stained, or torn indicate neglect. This might also hide issues like dampness or pest infestations underneath.
- Cracked driveways: Cracks in driveways or external concrete surfaces can suggest poor foundation or drainage problems. Water can collect in these cracks during the rainy season, worsening the damage and possibly affecting the house foundation.
Poor upkeep often signals that the previous owners did not invest in regular maintenance. This can lead to more costly repairs later on. During inspection, look carefully at these cosmetic issues as they often hint at deeper problems.
Why these issues matter in Nigeria
In Nigeria, the climate, power supply challenges, and building practices make these problems more common. For example, power fluctuations and frequent generator use put extra stress on electrical and cooling systems, increasing the chance of defects. Also, many homes are built without strict adherence to building codes, so poor upkeep and faulty installations are widespread.
Pre-settlement or final walkthrough checks
This is the last chance you get to check the house before you officially take ownership. It helps you confirm that everything is in good condition and that the seller has kept their promises. Some very important things you should look for during this final inspection are mentioned below:
Testing lights, electronics, and appliances
Make sure all the lights in the house are working properly. Turn on every light switch to check for any faulty bulbs or wiring issues. Also, test all electrical outlets by plugging in a phone charger or a lamp. In many Nigerian homes, appliances like fans, air conditioners, or kitchen equipment may be included in the sale. Try turning these on to ensure they work well. Faulty electrical systems can be dangerous and expensive to fix, so don’t skip this step.
Checking door handles and locks
Security is very important in Nigeria, so check every door handle and lock in the house. Open and close all doors to see if the handles are firm and the locks function smoothly. Make sure the main doors, bedroom doors, and windows have strong, working locks. If any locks are broken or loose, ask the seller to fix them before you move in. You want to feel safe and secure in your new home.
Confirming plumbing and water heater operation
Water supply and plumbing are critical in Nigerian homes. Turn on all taps in the kitchen, bathrooms, and outside to check for good water pressure and hot water availability. If the house has a water heater, test it to ensure it heats water properly. Look for any leaks under sinks or around toilets, as these can cause damage or increase your water bills. A well-functioning plumbing system saves you from future headaches.
Inspecting curtains, blinds, and window locks
If the house comes with curtains or blinds, check that they are in good condition and work properly. Open and close them to see if they slide or pull smoothly. Also, inspect the window locks to make sure they are secure. Windows are another important part of home security and ventilation, so don’t ignore this.
Flooring condition and cleanliness
You should walk through every room and examine the floors carefully. Look for cracks, stains, or damage on tiles, wooden floors, or carpets. Clean floors show that the house has been well cared for. If you notice dirt or damage, ask the seller to clean or repair before you move in. This will save you money and effort later.
Evidence of pests or new damage
You should look around for signs of pests like termites, cockroaches, or rodents. These can cause serious damage to your home and affect your health. Check corners, behind cupboards, and near water sources for droppings or holes. Also, look for any new damage such as cracks in walls, broken windows, or water stains that might have appeared since your last visit. Report these issues immediately.
General cleanliness and removal of rubbish
Finally, the house should be clean and free of rubbish before you take possession. Check that the seller has removed all their belongings and trash from the property. A clean home is easier to move into and shows respect from the previous owner. If the house is dirty or cluttered, ask for a thorough cleaning.
Conclusion
Buying a home is a big investment in Nigeria. So a thorough home inspection before purchase is very important. A proper inspection will help you to spot problems like cracks in walls, roof leaks, faulty electrical systems, plumbing issues, and security weaknesses. Checking these details will ensure the house is safe, comfortable, and worth the money you pay. It also helps you avoid unexpected repair costs later. Since Nigerian homes face unique challenges like water supply problems and pest infestations, paying close attention to these during inspection is crucial. You should always consider hiring a local professional inspector who understands local building standards and common issues. You should also remember that a careful home inspection gives you confidence in your purchase, protects your investment, and helps you settle into your new home without stress or surprises.
